Noun + preposition (`reason for', `cause of' etc.)

Посмотрите на список конструкций существительное

+ предлог. Иногда и другие предлоги возможны -

более подробную информацию см. в хорошем словаре.

a cheque FOR (a sum of money):

- They sent me a cheque for $ 50.

a demand / a need FOR something:

- The firm closed down because there wasn't enough demand

for its product.

a reason FOR something:

- The train was late but no-one knew the reason for the delay.

a rise / an increase / a fall / a decrease IN something:

- There has been an increase in road accidents recently.

an advantage / a disadvantage OF something:

- The advantage of living alone is that you can do what you like.

однако говорят `there is an advantage in doing something':

- There are many advantages in living alone.

a cause OF something:

- Nobody knows what the cause of the explosion was.

a photograph / a picture OF someone/something:

- He always keeps a photograph of his wife in his wallet.

damage TO something:

- The accident was my fault, so I paid for the damage to the

other car.

an invitation TO a party / a wedding etc.:

- Did you get an invitation to the party?

a reaction TO something:

- I was surprised at his reaction to what I said.

a solution TO a problem / an answer TO a question /

a reply TO a letter/ a key TO a door:

- Do you think we'll find a solution to this problem.

- The answer to your question is `No'!

an attitude TO/TOWARDS someone/something:

- His attitude to/towards his job is very negative.

a relationship / a connection / contact WITH someone/something:

- Do you have a good relationship with your parents?

- Police want to question a man in connection with the robbery.

однако: a relationship / a connection / contact / a difference BETWEEN two things:

- Police have said that there is no connection between

the two murders.

- There are some differences between British English and

American English.

Preposition + noun (`by mistake', `on television' etc.)

Студенты часто употребляют неправильные предлоги

перед словами данного урока. Поэтому изучите эти

примеры тщательно:

to pay BY cheque (однако `to pay IN cash' или `to pay cash'):

- Did you pay by cheque or in cash?

(to do something) BY accident / BY mistake / BY chance:

- We hadn't arranged to meet. We met by chance.

a play BY Shakespeare / a painting BY Rembrandt /

a novel BY Tolstoy и т.д.:

- Have you read any books by Agatha Christie? (= any books

written by Agatha Christie?)

(to be / to fall) IN love WITH someone:

- Have you ever been in love with anyone?

IN (my) opinion:

- In my opinion the film wasn't very good.

(to be) ON fire:

- Look! That car is on fire.

(to be) ON the telephone / ON the phone:

- You can't phone me. I'm not on the phone. (= I haven't got a phone)

- I've never met her but I've spoken to her on the phone.

ON television / ON the radio:

- I didn't watch the match on television. I listened to it on the

radio.

(to be / to go) ON a diet:

- I've put on a lot of weight. I'll have to go on a diet.

(to be / to go) ON strike:

- There are no trains today. The railway workers are on strike.

(to be/to go) ON holiday / ON business / ON a trip / ON a tour /

ON an excursion / ON a cruise / ON an expedition etc.

- Tom's away at the moment. He is on holiday in France.

- Did you go to Paris on business or on holiday?

- One day I'd like to go on a world tour.

однако, можно сказать

`go to a place FOR a holiday / FOR my holiday(s)':

- Tom has gone to France for a holiday.

- Where are you going for your holidays this year?

(to go / to come) FOR a walk / FOR a swim / FOR a drink и т.д.:

- She always goes for a walk with her dog in the morning.

- After work we went to a cafe for a drink.

(to have something) FOR breakfast / FOR lunch / FOR dinner:

- What did you have for lunch?

Adjective + preposition (1)

Посмотрите на список конструкций прилагательное

+ предлог. Иногда возможны и другие предлоги.

Более подробную информацию см.в хорошем словаре.

nice/kind/good/generous/mean/stupid/silly/intelligent/clever/sensible/

(im)polite/rude/unreasonable OF someone (to do something):

- Thank you. It was very nice/kind of you to help me.

- It's stupid of her to go out without a coat. She'll catch cold.

однако: (to be) nice/kind/good/generous/mean/(im)polite/rude/

(un)pleasant/(un)friendly/cruel TO someone:

- She has always been very nice/kind to me. (но не `with me')

- Why were you so rude/unfriendly to Ann?

angry/annoyed/furious | ABOUT something

| WITH someone FOR doing something:

- What are you so angry/annoyed about?

- They were furious with me for not inviting them to the party.

delighted/pleased/satisfied/disappointed WITH something:

- I was delighted/pleased with the present you gave me.

- Were you disappointed with your examination results?

bored/fed up WITH something:

- You get bored/fed up with doing the same thing every day.

surprised/shocked/amazed/astonished AT/BY something:

- Everybody was surprised/shocked at/by the news.

excited/worried/upset ABOUT something:

- Are you excited about going on holiday next week?

- Ann is upset about not being invited to the party.

afraid/frightened/terrified/scared OF someone/something:

- `Are you afraid of dogs?' `Yes, I'm terrified of them.'

proud/ashamed OF someone/something:

- I'm not ashamed of what I did. In fact I'm quite proud of it.

jealous/envious/suspicious OF someone/something:

- Why are you always so jealous of other people?

- He didn't trust me. He was suspicious of my intentions.

aware/conscious OF something:

- `Did you know they were married?' `No, I wasn't aware of that.'

good/bad/excellent/brilliant/hopeless AT (doing) something:

- I'm not very good at repairing things.

married/engaged TO someone:

- Linda is married to an American. (но не `with an American')

Adjective + preposition (2)

Посмотрите на список конструкций

прилагательное + предлог:

sorry ABOUT something:

- I'm sorry about the noise last night. We were having a party.

однако: sorry FOR doing something:

- I'm sorry for shouting at you yesterday.

Однако обычно говорят: I'm sorry I...:

- I'm sorry I shouted at you yesterday.

(to feel / to be) sorry FOR someone:

- I feel sorry for George. He has got no friends and no money.

impressed BY/WITH someone/something:

- I wasn't very impressed by/with the film.

famous FOR something:

- The Italian city of Florence is famous for its art treasures.

responsible FOR something:

- Who was responsible for all that noise last night?

different FROM (или TO) someone/something

- The film was quite different from (или to) what expected.

interested IN something:

- Are you interested in art and architecture?

capable/incapable OF something:

- I'm sure you are capable of passing the examination.

fond OF someone/something:

- Mary is very fond of animals. She has three cats and two dogs.

full OF something:

- The letter I wrote was full of mistakes.

short OF something:

- I'm a bit short of money. Can you lend me some?

tired OF something:

- Come on, let's go! I'm tired of waiting.

keen ON something:

- We stayed at home because Ann wasn't very keen on going out

in the rain.

similar TO something:

- Your writing is similar to mine.

crowded WITH (people и т.д.):

- The city centre was crowded with tourists.

Verb + preposition (1)

Посмотрите на список конструкций

глагол + предлог:

apologise (TO someone) FOR something (см. Unit 60a):

- When I realised I was wrong, I apologised to him for my mistake.

apply FOR a job/a place at university и т.д.:

- I think this job would suit you. Why don't you apply for it?

believe IN something:

- Do you believe in God? (= Do you believe that God exists?)

- I believe in saying what I think. (= I believe that it is a good

thing to say what I think.)

belong TO someone:

- Who does this coat belong to?

care ABOUT someone/something (= think someone/something is

important):

- He is very selfish. He doesn't care about other people.

care FOR someone/something:

i) = like something (обычно в вопросах и отрицательных

предложениях):

- Would you care for a cup of coffee? (= Would you like ...?)

- I don't care for hot weather. (= I don't like ...)

ii) = look after someone:

- She is very old. She needs someone to care for her.

take care OF someone/something (= look after):

- Have a nice holiday. Take care of yourself!

collide WITH someone/something:

- There was an accident this morning. A bus collided with a car.

complain (TO someone) ABOUT someone/something:

- We complained to the manager of the restaurant about the food.

concentrate ON something:

- Don't look out of the window. Concentrate on your work!

consist OF something:

- We had an enormous meal. It consisted of seven courses.

crash/drive/bump/run INTO someone/something:

- He lost control of the car and crashed into a wall.

depend ON someone/something:

- `What time will you arrive?' `I don't know. It depends on the

traffic.'

Можно опускать on перед вопросительными

словами (when/where/how и т.д.):

- `Are you going to buy it?' `It depends (on) how much it is.'

die OF an illness:

- `What did he die of?' `A heart attack.'

Verb + preposition (2)

Посмотрите на список конструкций

глагол + предлог:

dream ABOUT someone/something:

- I dreamt about you last night.

dream OF being something/doing something (= imagine):

- I often dream of being rich.

также: `(I) wouldn't dream (of doing something)':

- `Don't tell anyone what I said.' `No, I wouldn't dream of it.'

happen TO someone/something:

- A strange thing happened to me the other day.

- What happened to that gold watch you used to have?

hear ABOUT something (= be told about something):

- Did you hear about the fight in the club on Saturday night?

- Have you heard about Jane? She's getting married.

hear OF someone/something (= know that someone/something exists):

- `Who is Tom Madely?' `I have no idea. I've never heard of him.'

- Have you heard of a company called 'Smith Electrics'?

hear FROM someone (= receive a letter / telephone call from someone):

- `Have you heard from Ann recently?' `Yes, she wrote to me last

week.'

laugh/smile AT someone/something:

- I look stupid with this haircut. Everyone will laugh at me.

listen TO someone/something:

- We spent the evening listening to records.

live ON money/food:

- George's salary is very low. It isn't enough to live on.

look AT someone/something (= look in the direction of):

- Why are you looking at me like that?

также: have a look AT, stare AT, glance AT

look FOR someone/something (= try to find):

- I've lost my keys. Can you help me look for them?

look AFTER someone/something (= take care of):

- She's very old. She needs someone to look after her.

- You can borrow this book if you promise to look after it.

pay (someone) FOR something:

- I didn't have enough money to pay for the meal.

однако: pay a bill / a fine / $50 / a fare / taxes и т.д. (без предлога).

rely ON someone/something:

- You can rely on Jack. He always keeps his promises.

Verb + preposition (3)

Посмотрите на список конструкций глагол + предлог:

search (a person / a place / a bag и т.д.) FOR someone/something:

- I've searched the whole house for my keys but I still can't

find them.

- The police are searching for the escaped prisoner.

shout AT someone (когда Вы сердитесь):

- He was very angry and started shouting at me.

однако: shout TO someone

(так, что они могут слышать Вас):

- He shouted to me from the other side of the street.

speak/talk TO someone (также можно использовать менее общепринятое `with'):

- (on the telephone) Hello, can I speak to Jane, please?

- Who was that man I saw you talking to in the pub?

suffer FROM an illness:

- The number of people suffering from heart disease has increased.

think ABOUT someone/something (= concentrate the mind on):

- You're quiet this morning. What are you thinking about?

- I've thought about what you said and I've decided to take your

advice.

- `Will you lend me the money?' `I'll think about it.'

think OF someone/something (= remember, bring to mind, have an idea):

- He told me his name but I can't think of it now.

(но не `think about it')

- That's a good idea. Why didn't I think of that?

Мы также используем think OF, когда интересуемся

чьим-то мнением или высказываем свое:

- `What did you think of the film?' `I didn't think much of it.'

Различие между think OF и think ABOUT иногда очень

мало. Часто можно употреблять либо OF, либо ABOUT:

- My sister is thinking of (или about) going to Canada.

- Tom was thinking of (или about) buying a new car but changed

his mind.

- When I'm alone, I often think of (или about) going to Canada.

wait FOR someone/something:

- I'm not going out yet. I'm waiting for the rain to stop.

write TO someone:

- Sorry I haven't written to you for such a long time

Мы не ставим предлогов со следующими глаголами:

phone someone Did you phone your father yesterday?

discuss something We discussed many things at the meeting.

enter (= go into a place) She felt nervous as she entered the room.

О конструкции глагол + предлог + -ing см.Unit 60a.

Verb + Object + preposition (1)

Посмотрите на список конструкций

глагол + дополнение + предлог:

accuse someone OF (doing) something (см. также Unit 60b):

- Tom accused Ann of being selfish.

- Three students were accused of cheating in the examination.

ask (someone) FOR something:

- I wrote to the company asking them for more information about

the job.

однако: `ask (someone) a question' (без предлога)

blame someone/something FOR something:

- Everybody blamed me for the accident.

или blame something ON someone/something:

- Everybody blamed the accident on me.

Также говорят: `(someone is) to blame for something':

- Everybody said that I was to blame for the accident.

borrow something FROM someone:

- I didn't have any money. I had to borrow some from a friend of

mine.

charge someone WITH (an offence / a crime):

- Three men have been arrested and charged with robbery.

congratulate someone ON (doing) something (см. Unit 60b):

- When I heard that he had passed his examination, I phoned him

to congratulate him on his success.

divide/cut/split something INTO (две и более части):

- The book is divided into three parts.

- Cut the meat into small pieces before frying it.

do something ABOUT something

(= делать что-то, чтобы улучшить ситуацию):

- The economic situation is getting worse and worse. The

government ought to do something about it.

explain (a problem / a situation / a word и т.д.) TO someone:

- Can you explain this word to me?

(но не `explain me this word')

также: `explain (to someone) that/what/how/why ...'

(запомните порядок слов):

- Let me explain to you what I mean.

invite someone TO (a party / a wedding etc.):

- Have you been invited to any parties recently?

leave (a place) FOR (another place):

- I haven't seen her since she left home for work this morning.

point/aim something AT someone/something:

- Don't point that knife at me! It's dangerous.

Verb + Object + preposition (2)

Посмотрите на список конструкций

глагол + дополнение + предлог:

prefer someone/something TO someone/something (см.Unit 64):

- I prefer tea to coffee.

protect someone/something FROM (или against) someone/something:

- He put sun-tan oil on his body to protect his skin from the sun.

(или ... against the sun.)

provide someone WITH something:

- The school provides all its students with books.

regard someone/something AS something:

- I've always regarded you as one of my best friends.

remind someone OF someone/something

(= вызывать воспоминания о чем-то):

- This house reminds me of the one I lived in when I was a child.

- Look at this photograph of Tom. Who does he remind you of?

однако: remind someone ABOUT something

(напоминать кому-то о чем-то):

- I'm glad you reminded me about the party. I had completely forgotten

it.

remind someone to do something (см.Unit 55b ).

sentence someone TO (a period of imprisonment):

- He was found guilty and sentenced to six months' imprisonment.

spend (money) ON something:

- How much money do you spend on food each week?

Note that we usually say `spend (time) doing something':

- I spend a lot of time reading.

throw something AT someone/something (in order to hit them):

- Someone threw an egg at the minister while he was speaking.

однако: throw something TO someone (for someone to catch):

- Ann shouted `Catch!' and threw the keys to me from the window.

translate (a book и т.д.) FROM one language INTO another

language:

- George Orwell's books have been translated into many languages.

warn someone ABOUT someone/something (of иногда также

возможен):

- I knew she was a bit strange before I met her. Tom had warned me

about her.

- Everybody has been warned about the dangers of smoking.

О `warn someone against doing something' см.Unit 60b

О `warn someone not to do something' см.Unit 55b .

О конструкции

глагол + дополнение + предлог +-ing см.Unit 60b.

Phrasal verbs (get up, break down, fill in etc.)

(a) Глаголы часто употребляют со следующими словами:

on off in out up down away back

over about round forward through along

Мы часто употребляем следующие слова с глаголами

движения. Например:

get on The bus was full. We couldn't get on.

drive off She got into the car and drove off.

come back Tom is leaving tomorrow and coming back on Saturday.

turn round When I touched him on the shoulder, he turned round.

Однако часто эти слова (on/off/up/down и т.д.)

изменяют смысл глагола.

Например:

- Sorry I'm late. The car broke down.

- Look out! There's a car coming.

- It was my first flight. I was very nervous as the plane took off.

- I was so tired this morning that I couldn't get up.

- How did you get on in your examination yesterday?

Такие словосочетания (break down/get up/get on..)

являются фразеологическими глаголами.

(b) Иногда фразеологические глаголы имеют дополнение.

Обычно возможны две позиции этих дополнений.

Так, можно сказать:

дополнение дополнение

I turned off the light. или I turned the light off.

Вот еще несколько примеров:

Иногда дополнением к фразеологическому глаголу

является местоимение (it/them/me/you/him/her/us).

Такие местоимения стоят перед on off in out

up down и т.д.:

- They gave me a form and told me to fill it in. (но не `fill in it')

- Ann's asleep. Don't wake her up. (но не `wake up her')

- `What shall I do with these old newspapers?' `Throw them away.'

- Here's the money you need. Don't forget to pay me back.

( c) Иногда употребляют конструкцию

фразеологический глагол + предлог.

Например:look forward to / keep up with/

cut down on.

Дополнение всегда ставится после предлога:

- Are you looking forward to your holiday?

- You're walking too fast. I can't keep up with you.

- Jack has cut down on smoking. He only smokes five cigarettes a day

now.

Appendix 1

List of present and past tenses

Appendix 2

Regular and irregular verbs

1
Правильные
глаголы.

Past simple
и
past participle правильных

глаголов заканчиваются на
-ed.
Например:

О past
simple
смотрите Unit 11

Мы используем причастие прошедшего
времени past

participle для создания perfect
tenses

(have/has/had cleaned) и всех форм
страдательного

залога(passive
forms).

Смотрите Unit
42,Unit 44:

- I
cleaned my room yesterday. (past simple)

- Your
English has improved.
(present perfect -
см.
Unit 13,Unit
21)

- The
house was dirty. We hadn't cleaned it for a long
time. (past perfect
-

- см.(Unit
22)

- This
door has just been painted.
(present perfect
passive)

- He was
carried out of the room. (past simple passive)

Когда past
simple
и
past participle

не заканчиваются на -ed, глагол является

неправильным.

2
Следующие глаголы могут быть правильными или

неправильными:

Вы можете сказать:

- I
leant out of the
window. или I
leaned out of the
window.

- The
dinner has been spoilt.
или The dinner has
been spoiled.

В
British
English
неправильная форма

(burnt/learnt и т.д.) более
общепринятая.

3
Неправильные глаголы.

У некоторых неправильных
глаголов все три формы

(infinitive, past
simple и
past participle)

одинаковые. Например,
hit:

- Someone
hit me as I came
into the room. (past simple)

- I've
never hit anyone in my
life. (past
participle - present perfect)

- George
was hit on the head by a
stone. (past
participle - passive)

У некоторых неправильных глаголов форма

past
simple такая же,
как past participle

(но
отличается от infinitive).

Например, tell -
told:

- He
told me to come back
the next day. (past
simple)

- Have
you told anyone about
your new job?(past
participle - present perfect)

- I was
told to come back the
next day. (past
participle - passive)

Другие же неправильные глаголы имеют
все

три формы, отличающиеся друг
от друга.

Например, break - broke -
broken:

- He
broke his arm in a
climbing accident.
(past simple)

-
Somebody has broken the window.
(past participle -
present perfect)

- When
was the window broken?
(past participle -
passive)

4
Список неправильных
глаголов.

Appendix 3

Spelling

Существительные, глаголы и
прилагательные

могут иметь следующие
окончания:

существительное
+ -s/es(множ.число) books
ideas matches

глагол + -s/es (после he/she/it) works
enjoys washes

глагол +
-ing working
enjoying
washing

глагол + -ed worked
enjoyed washed

прилагательное
+
-er
(сравнительная степень) cheaper
quicker
brighter

прилагательное
+
-est

(превосходная
степень) cheapest
quickest
brightest

прилагательное
+
-ly

(наречие) cheaply
quickly
brightly

Когда мы используем эти
окончания, правописание

слов иногда
меняется.

Эти изменения перечислены
ниже.

Гласные и согласные

a e i o u Гласные буквы

Буквы (b c d f и т.д.) Согласные буквы

Гласные и согласные

a e i o u Гласные буквы

Буквы (b c d f и т.д.) Согласные буквы

1
Существительные и
глаголы +
-s/es.

Окончание -es пишется, когда слово

оканчивается
на
-s/-ss/-sh/-ch/-x:

match/matches
bus/buses box/boxes

wash/washes
miss/misses search/searches

Запомните также:

potato/potatoes
tomato/tomatoes

do/does
go/goes

2
Слова,
оканчивающиеся на -y

(baby,
carry,
easy и
т.д.)

Если слово оканчивается
на

согласную букву +
y
(-by/-ry/-sy и
т.д.):

y
меняется на
ie
перед
-s:

baby/babies
lorry/lorries
country/countries
secretary/secretaries
hurry/hurries
study/studies
apply/applies
try/tries

y
меняется на
i
перед
-ed:

hurry/hurried
study/studied
apply/applied
try/tried

y
меняется на
i
перед
-er и
-est:

easy/easier/easiest
heavy/heavier/heaviest
lucky/luckier/luckiest

y
меняется на
i
перед
-ly:

easy/easily
heavy/heavily
temporary/temporarily

y
не
меняется перед -ing:hurrying
studying
applying
trying

y
не меняется в словах, оканчивающихся на

гласную
букву + y
(-ay/-ey/-oy/-uy):

play/plays/played
enjoy/enjoys/enjoyed
monkey/monkeys.

Исключение:
day/daily

Запомните
также: pay/paid
lay/laid
say/said

3
Глаголы,
оканчивающиеся на -ie

(die, lie, tie).

Если глагол оканчивается
на -ie,

ie изменяется на y перед -ing:

lie/lying
die/dying
tie/tying

4
Слова,
оканчивающиеся на -e

(smoke,
hope,
wide
т.д.)